Analog fundamentals are essential to understanding how measurement systems work and how to acquire accurate data. As part of the NI Measurement Fundamentals Series, this set of tutorials introduces core analog concepts commonly encountered in test and measurement applications, including analog circuits, ground loops, noise, sampling, windowing, isolation, and proper connection schemes. By reviewing these theory explanations and practical examples, you will gain a better understanding of how analog signals behave and how design and connection choices can impact measurement accuracy and system performance.
Review basic analog circuit fundamentals through this tutorial, which covers analog circuit concepts explaining Ohm’s law, capacitance calculations, inductance calculations, series and parallel configurations for capacitance and inductance, and RC filters.
Learn sampling quality basics such as resolution, measurement sensitivity, accuracy, precision, noise, and noise reduction strategies.
Investigate windowing and ways you can use window functions to minimize spectral leakage effects. Also review different window functions and see how to implement them in the NI LabVIEW graphical development environment.
Scientists and engineers taking analog measurements often use the term “noise floor,” which is often misunderstood and, as a result, not dealt with correctly. Reduce the noise that occurs on your measurements by obtaining a firm understanding of the noise floor, its components, and what you can do to decrease it in your measurement system.
Gain a better understanding of the benefits of proper grounding by studying the different types of signal sources and measurement systems. Then review different configurations to match a signal source with its best measurement system for minimal noise and error.
Learn about the types of input configurations available on data acquisition devices and the best ways to choose and use the configurations for your applications. Review interference noise pickup mechanisms and strategies to minimize interference noise by proper cabling and shielding.
Review the basics of low frequency and DC measurements such as definitions and detailed explanations of concepts including common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), AC RMS measurement fundamentals, resistance measurement, current measurement, and crest factor.